Thursday, October 10, 2019
Patterns of Knowing
Explain the various patterns of knowing as they influence theory construction or development in nursing: In 1978, Barbara Carper identified four types of knowing in nursing. The first type is called empiric knowing and represents knowledge that is verifiable, objective, factual, and research based. The second type called ethical knowing provides us with knowledge that is about what is right and wrong and what are good and bad, desirable and undesirable. The third type of knowing is labelled aesthetic knowing. It gives us the knowledge that focuses on the art of nursing – tacit knowledge, skill and intuition. Also, there is personal knowing and this represents knowledge that focuses on self-consciousness, personal awareness and empathy. Chinn & Kramer (2008) mention an additional pattern of knowing labelled emancipatory knowing The fundamental reason for developing knowledge in nursing is for the purpose of creating expert and effective nursing practice. It is through inquiry processes for each pattern that knowledge is formulated for the discipline. The main concept of knowledge is that all patterns of knowing form an integrated whole, and the whole of knowing is essential as a basis for best practices in nursing. Chinn & Kramer(2008) states failure to develop knowledge integrated within all of the patterns of knowing leads to uncritical acceptance, narrow interpretation, and partial utilization of knowledge which is called â€Å"the patterns gone wild†(p. 20). Chinn & Kramer (2008) also states that a shift to a balance in knowledge development to reflect each of the patterns of knowing in nursing holds potential to bring the realm of knowledge development and the realm of practice together. Bringing together â€Å"knowing†and â€Å"doing†is praxis-the synchronous, thoughtful reflection and action to create a desired future of emancipatory change. Images of a desired future are not confined to any one pattern but rather are reflected in all knowing patterns (p. 22). If we as a discipline fail to integrate all patterns of knowing to further develop nursing theories and knowledge, the gap between knowledge and practice will never lessen. References: Chinn, P. L. & Kramer, M. K. (2008). Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing (7th ed. ) St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Internal and External Factors Affecting Four Functions of Management Essay
Internal and External Factors Affecting Four Functions of Management - Essay Example However, an organization that does not reflect on these factors is likely to flop since the external and internal factors will have dire consequences on its performance. To begin with, technology is one factor that has significant effects on the performance of an organization. In the current developing and developed world, many organizations are embracing technology to perfect service and product delivery. Some organizations were formed long before technology was enhanced. However, these organizations are benchmarking other organizations that have incepted technology in its operations. For instance, IKEA was formed in 1943, when technology was not enhanced. However, the organization has been able to enhance its technology to continue giving savored services. Apparently, it is considered that organizations that embrace technology continue to give unparalleled services and products to its customers. This is one factor that has enabled IKEA to attract a large market niche for its products. With improvement in technology, the organization has been able to offer high quality products and services. However, the induction of enhanced technology comes with i ts challenges and setbacks. First, the organization has to settle on technologies that will offer quality services. The technology should offer maximum utility to substantiate the investment in the technology. Secondly, technology is a huge investment which needs massive resources. Therefore, the organization has to collect massive resources in ensuring it is improving in its performance. Lastly, technology requires apt decision making. The organization has to make sensitive decisions on acquiring the stated technology. The second factor that affects the four functions of management is globalization. Globalization is a factor that has improved the performance of many businesses across the globe. Organizations that embrace globalization are likely to reflect a better performance than other organizations that are operating in a defined location. Spreading to other geographical regions exposes the organization to vast markets which create a greater demand for products and services. For instance, IKEA has embraced globalization by opening stores in many places of the world. Initially, the organization recorded low profits and revenue due to its location. However, the management decided to increase its market share by opening other stores in other countries. This has proved a positive approach as the business continues to sprout (Caglar, Kesteloo and Kleiner, 2012). Though this is a big investment, it is also a source of large amounts of revenue. For instance, IKEA has opened large stores in Sweden, Croatia, China and Germany. Previously, the organization was specialized in offering services in Europe. However, with the influence of globalization, it started offering services and products in many parts of the world. Apparently, the biggest stores that the organization has initiated are not situated in the same geographical region. The largest stores in the organization’s name are in Stockholm, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin and Berlin. This shows that the organization is recording a positive performance from the diversity of its market niche. The availability of many markets across the globe ensures the
Monday, October 7, 2019
Management accounting for business decisions Trailer Construct plc Coursework
Management accounting for business decisions Trailer Construct plc - Coursework Example The Trailer Construct PLC is a small family business which is in the process of expansion into a higher level of operations. The enterprise is involved in the construction and repair of trailers custom made according to the specifications of the client. The demand for construction of new trailers has been consistently rising through the five years to 2011, although demand for repair remained consistent throughout the same period. As a result, the company decided to raise its production level, however its policies and practices remained the same.Trailor Construct’s problem is comprised of a mismatch between its increased scale of operations, and its policies regarding inventory management, cash management, cost tracing and determination, price setting, and its human resources management. The firm is comprised of three divisions, namely Administration, Repair and Construction. The aforementioned policies involved practices undertaken in all three, and therefore are resolved usin g a systemic approach. This report recommends that the economic order quantity be applied to the inventory management practices of the company, instead of the present long lead time, large inventory storage employed by the company which unnecessarily inflates carrying costs. Production should be enhanced to make better use of expanded capacity and increase production efficiency, to reduce the level of fixed costs distributed to each unit of production. Cash management should be managed better by speeding up collection of receivables. This is to avoid the need to borrow from the bank to bridge cash shortfalls, and thereby eliminate unnecessary interest charges. Finally, employee performance should be improved by motivation through employee engagement. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Repair 4 Construction 5 Administration 6 Inventory management 7 Treatment of employees 8 Conclusion 8 References 10 Introduction The case of the Trailer Construct plc concerns the transformation of a small family business into a larger corporation as a result in the escalation in the scale of operations. This is typical of successful enterprises which attract a greater volume of business than its usual procedures are suited for. The administrative procedures, employee management, and inventory policies should evolve when a company shifts towards a higher scale of operation, because the greater business volumes enable the development of economies of scale, and demand a greater efficiency in these policies and activities. Repair The financial performance of the Repair division shows turnover to be almost unchanged from one year to the next; in comparison, turnover in construction is growing steadily. There is therefore no reason for the procedure that the client can bring in their trailer for repair after only a phone call. However, there is concern that maintaining a large stock or spare parts is unnecessary investment in materials when a lowe r stock level would do. There may be some merit to stocking up on materials in anticipation of higher prices, but this seldom results in the anticipated savings (unless a sudden significant rise in price or severe shortage takes place) because of the increase in storage and carrying costs that may just offset and even exceed the amount saved by chasing the lower price. The recommendation therefore is that the inventory system should employ the economic order quantity (EOQ) system which is described in the discussion on inventory below. Construction Being the larger of the two divisions, the Construction division shows a steadily rising turnover, indicating that the market is expanding. This presents an opportunity that Trailer Construct should take advantage of. The financial show that although turnover rises, profits remain unchanged for Construction. This may or may not mean that the firm is unduly incurring unnecessary expenses. The company decided to increase capacity by
Sunday, October 6, 2019
Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 63
Reflection - Essay Example in it, this section aims at exploring the issues that I found confronting and/or surprising, the extent to which I was persuaded and why, and the new things I learned from Session 21 that I have not thought about before. One of the things that I found quite challenging is the extent to which many stakeholders are ignored by their own systems of administration as they allow corporations to take over natural resources, which, as I understand now, cannot have a price tag on them. This is based on the fact that we ignore the damage that we inflict upon them today, but hardly do we even examine the damage that we do to the future of these resources and coming human generations. The ignorance demonstrated by both governments, which have been put in the corporations, and the corporations, which look to make nothing but profits, is quite confronting. For instance, dumping animal remains in rivers and never minding to clean them up and evicting families from fertile land, where they survive, just to make a dam for water meant for sale is quite disheartening (Merin Para 4, 5). What surprised me, however, is how we all think that we are not affected because we are so far away from Bolivia, Lesotho, China, and many other affected areas, little do we know of the globally extensive impacts that continue to haunt us today. The perceptions developed in the movie are extremely captivating and greatly convincing for anyone that cares about other people, as opposed to those who are only driven by self-interest, and anyone who cares about natural resources, especially water. Even those who are driven by self-interest should now, after reflecting on this session of even watching the film, be persuaded. One of the reasons I did not take much efforts to persuade me is the fact that I am personally affected by the continued privatization of water resources, which should never have a price on them. I have considered with the amount of money I spend on water every day and decided that the
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Leadership Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Leadership Argument - Essay Example There have been various types of leadership whose distinction is based on the resultant effects. While the major effects are those affecting the business and the affairs of the state, the overall impacts to the people makes the study of leadership imperative. Leadership has been described as a way through which things are done. However, a particular type of leadership can result into benefits to people or sometimes disadvantage them. In this case, people normally depend on the decisions made by the society and the other ruling authorities, such as governments. Some others like Tracy (2014) believes that leadership is more necessary and critical than before. The leadership that benefits the people must be under people who are visionary and courageous. Such leaders can chart new seas as well as break new grounds (Arvey, Rotundo, & Johnson, 2006). An effective leadership will definitely make the difference even in ordinary situations and in little things. This encompasses simple things like helping people work excellently and nicely. Normally, effective leadership is independent of the setting. Delivery will be based on the passion of the leader and the desire to impact the people around positively, irrespective of the level of dependency of the subordinates. Taking the example of a school setting, a good leader will instill the value to both the students and the teachers. Basically, leadership is not about being the boss but is about making positive impacts on the lives of others. It is, therefore, imperative that effective leadership characterize all aspects of the lives of people, both at individual and society levels. There are various aspects that make goods leadership (Bonnici, 2011). Leadership depends on the type and personality of the leader. While it is true that leaders are not born but made, it is also true that leadership a group does not depend fully on the influence of degree of power of the leader. First of all,
Friday, October 4, 2019
Risk Management Issues in the UK Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Risk Management Issues in the UK - Term Paper Example It is expected that major retailers will also experience a decrease in the market value of stocks. In order to strengthen its position in the market, British Airways launches its new airline subsidiary which would fly between the United States and Europe naming it Open Skies. Together with this development is the implementation of more flexible employment conditions relative to the current system. This includes the recruitment of new cabin crews for the airline in the United States. BA also adds that "there would be no link between the new airline and the seniority list for the existing BA mainline pilots." This decision brews protest from the Balpa which is the company's powerful union of pilots. This article highlights the operational risk which is currently faced by BA. The airline is currently facing the threat of incurring losses because of its internal problems with the staff. If the company pushes through its new system of recruitment, there is a huge possibility that Balpa will protest thus, hurting and even paralyzing the operation of the airline. Today, Financial Times reports another bad news for the UK retailing sec... bad news for the UK retailing sector: "Sterling dropped to a record low against the euro and its weakest level in six months against the dollar on Wednesday" (Garnham 2008). This depreciation of the sterling is another blow for UK retailers who convert their sales from sterling to euro. Another sad news is that because of the economic climate, it is expected that sterling will slide further in the coming months. This article both shows and discusses the effects of exchange rate risk. Because the foreign exchange rate in the market is subject to market conditions, the economic condition, as well as other factors, can largely contribute to the appreciation and depreciation of currencies which directly impacts the operations of the business organization. In the news, it is noted that the depreciation of sterling adversely affects Marks and Spencer which reveals a 2.2% decline in like for like sales during the last quarter. Â
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Trial By the Mirror Essay Example for Free
Trial By the Mirror Essay â€Å"Underneath the shadows of the other side of time If there is a hell then there must be a behind†-Insane Clown Posse, â€Å"Echo Side†           She is led into the room by two strong men, plump and middle age. The dark blonde hair quivers as she sobs. Her legs tremble and give way, and her eyes, fallen in deeply an a face that was formerly round, are pleading. She is flopped down onto the chair designated for those condemned to the Highest Measure, and looks at us, holding clenched hands to her mouth.            We – Nikolas and I – look at her indifferently.            â€Å"Marjorie Penant. Nickolas states.            She nods numbly.            â€Å"You have killed†He starts repeating her sentence to her. We are required to do it. Psychological torture it may be, but its part of the common procedure now. Something required before we finish our job. It is difficult otherwise, to            â€Å"I have killed no one!†Her voice rings out suddenly, kicking my train of thought off track. Damn condemned!            Yet this just may have been worth interrupting my musings for a moment. Most condemned lose all sense of will before the Highest Measure. She stands now, shaking not with fear, but with rage. Nikolas nods slightly, his perpetual boredom somewhat alleviated. Interesting – and it would seem its my turn to speak.            â€Å"Really?†Only one word. I know my voice is darkly musical. This is my gift, my power, so to speak.            The word echoes almost visibly through her body, making her consider and reconsider, invoking into her things that she might not want to remember, as forceful as the call of hunger after many days of starvation. She covers her ears, and stands erect for a couple of seconds, only to fall to the floor with a shriek. â€Å"N-no!!!†           My lips curl into a smirk. As expected. Ninety-nine percent of humans cant stand my voice sBut whats this?            â€Å"I Killed Nobody†She grunts through clenched teeth. â€Å"Ive Killed NOBODY!†           I cast a glance at Nikolas, who calmly continues reading her sentence. â€Å"You have killed three children, by exposing them to Matters of the Soul early.†           She raises a tear-stained face, and her voice is strangely clear, as she pronounces: â€Å"I. Killed. Not. One. Of. Them.†She sits up with obvious difficulty. â€Å"Your system did.†           â€Å"You went against it. And took them with you.†Nikolas says calmly.            â€Å"Because its nonsense!†She says sharply.            I raise an eyebrow calmly. Looks like I was mistaken in my first impression. She is not the simpleton she initially looked to be. I had even wondered why she earned her measure. I no longer wonder.            â€Å"Really?†You are despicable – this is what my voice says this time. You decided their fates, and their deaths are only your fault. You should cry with relief that we are a humane society and merely killed them – not did what we are going to do to you. Be self-contemptuous, be afraid, be dead – my voice commands it all.            â€Å"Nonsense!†She gasps stubbornly. â€Å"Th The soul Isnt something to be taken away by the likes of you!!†           â€Å"Pedagogue.†Nikolas says calmly. â€Å"Parts of the soul are shown as a human being gets older. Gradually. It does no harm this way.†           â€Å"And destroys our humanity!†She says proudly.            So typical of the old-style humanists. Nikolas looks to me. â€Å"Laas?†           â€Å"You destroy it yourself.†I add calmly. â€Å"Was it not you who cried for your life a minute ago?†           â€Å"I cried for the lives of my children.†She replies dryly. â€Å"Not for my own. It is in no danger.†           â€Å"You have been condemned to meeting yourself.†Nikolas finishes the sentence. And then adds; â€Å"You are wrong when you think your life is in no danger. You have been through meeting with parts of your soul.†           â€Å"And they have taught me much.†She raises her chin proudly.            â€Å"The shadows do not teach.†I frown. â€Å"They take away.†           She looks upon me with an expression I have not seen since my initiation. It is pity. â€Å"Then you were unable to cope with their lessons. As the fourth child was unable to cope with mine. And it will kill you. As it killed them.†           â€Å"And you.†I reply.            â€Å"No.†She says simply. â€Å"Go on. I want no other last words.†           I and Nikolas silently lead her to the silver arch. She is left under it, as we walk to the sides of it. We press our palms to the sides pf the arch, and darkness begins playing between it, almost touching it. The feeling of stepping through the arch is like skydiving, I know. Without a parachute.            She throws her hands up. â€Å"Nothing is true! Everything is permitted!†And jumps through the arch. The darkness swallows her, and wavers, as the machine starts working            Nikolas turns to me. â€Å"I think we will have a new one among us.†           I scrutinize the arch. The gate to the Other Side was reserved for those who did not deserve the Death Penalty. Especially those who committed the ultimate crime against humanity – destroyed the integrity of society by teaching younglings about souls before they were fully grown. This was the standard tactic of terrorists these days. Most return from the arch dead, a cruel death. It contains a realm of endless madness, among which, somewhere, is your own self, inflicting the insanity.            I know all about it. After all, I had once stood before the same gate myself.            The darkness wavers once more, as it spits out the woman who was Marjorie. Her eyes are dead now that she knows what she has been teaching her children. Sanity is limitation, after all. Those who break limitations too early, die to the world. Who survive death, learn to control limits.            Nikolas extends his hand to her. â€Å"Come.†He says soothingly. â€Å"You have much to learn.â€
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